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“To Yue” to see “single”: A new perspective to interpret Liu Zongzhou’s “single” thinking
Author: Hu Ruzeng (Beijing Teacher Fan Dao Academy of Philosophy)
Source: “History of Chinese Philosophy” 2021 Issue 4
Abstract: From the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the statement of “single” was carried out. Through the development of the Second Cheng, Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming and others, the internal transformation has been completed. Liu Zongzhou not only opposed Zhu Xi’s view of “being cautious and independent” as having worked hard, but also warned that Wang Yangming used his “confidant” to solve the disadvantages formed by “individual”. On the one hand, he has a natural mind, which not only completes the value determination of the “individual” and also makes the “individual” active talents. On the other hand, he built the internal structure of “carefulness” in the mind, “precaution” and “individuality” to make “carefulness” a dual-directional circle and mutual relationship between the two ends. Liu Zongzhou’s “towards Yue” statement completely expresses the above characteristics of his “cautious and independent” thinking. “Unfortunate” is to remove the concealment and restore the “original” “original real face hole”.
Keywords: Liu Zongzhou; be cautious; be against Yue; Kung Fu
“Sincere” is the academic theme of Liu Zongzhou. Huang Zongxi said: “Teacher and elders teach In the learning of teachers, one should be cautious and independent. Everyone says that one should be cautious and independent, but only teachers and teachers can get the truth. “1 The academic world has formed a large number of results on Liu Zongzhou’s “careful and independent” thinking, but these discussions mostly focus on the meaning of “individual” and “careful and independent” as a whole, and pay less attention to the meaning of “careful”. Liu Zongzhou often contacted the body with “for Yue”. So, can the word “save” and “toward Vietnam” have a different meaning of interest? If we use “to Yue” to understand “care”, can it help to better understand and highlight the theoretical characteristics of Liu Zongzhou’s “careful and independent” thinking? This article discusses the above issues from the perspective of academic history, in order to create some development in the assessment of Liu Zongzhou’s thoughts.
1. Inner transformation: the change of the meaning of “being cautious and independent” and the response of Liu Zongzhou
“being cautious and independent” is the focus of Confucian Kung Fu discussion, and the interpretation of the meaning of “being cautious and independent” by former scholars is not exactly the same. Zheng Xuan of the Han Dynasty noted it: “Be careful of one’s own, be careful of where one lives. A gentleman is obsessed with words and thinks he doesn’t see it or hear it, and he must do his best to show his feelings.” Confucius in the Tang Dynasty said: “Therefore, those who are righteous should always be cautious of their own residence. Although they say that one can be careful to stay in the way, they can be cautious to stay in the way.” The two of them interpreted “individual” as “separate” as “separate” and “separate” as “careful” as “careful” and “careful” means “be cautious to stay in the way when one lives alone.” In this explanation, “carefulness” is similar to the internal behavioral norms. Although it has not yet reached the inner consciousness of individuals, it uses “carefulness” and “”There is a perfect match for the Song Confucianism to understand “respect” and “save”. With the development of new Confucianism, the Song Confucianism’s explanation of “save” has a grand change. The second Chengs focus on understanding “save” from the meaning of “respect” to “being cautious”. Cheng said: “Confucian talks about benevolence and only said, ‘Going out of the door, making it feel like a big sacrifice’. …Only being cautious and being alone is the method to keep it. The sage cultivates oneself with respect, and can live in peace and peace, and be respectful and the whole country is peaceful. However, the height is equal to respect and smoothness, and the six combinations are in their own position, and all things are self-cultivated, and there is no harmony in the atmosphere. Why can the four spirits not reach? This is the way of faith and enlightenment, and wisdom. “3 Cheng Xi has the meaning of inheriting the past and the future in understanding “carefulness”. Zhu Xi took a step further on the basis of inheriting the thinking of Cheng Xi. His words said: “Single is a place where people do not know but they know it alone. In the darkness, the meticulous things have not been moved, and even though people do not know them but know them alone, they are the ones that have no clear knowledge of the matters in the country and are over this. Therefore, since the correct people are always wary of being rude, they are particularly sensible in this way, so they curb their desires in order to emerge, and do not let them grow in the subtle way, so as to leave the way. ”4 also says: “If you sit with everyone, you will have a thought in your heart, whether right or wrong, this is also unique. Of course, the real boss will not let this happen. While fighting, she was there. “5 Zhu Xi’s interpretation of “carefulness” received and developed the two views: 1. “Single” is the idea of ”what people know but they know”; 2. “Single” is in the moment of “being old” “although it has not been moved for a few years”; 3. “Single” has both the vigilance of respect and observation, and the meaning of suppression. Compared with Zheng Xuan and Kong Yan’s understanding, the interpretation of Song Confucianism has a clear internal transformation. “Single” is not only an expression of internal behavior, but also a focus on the observation and observation of internal consciousness. .
Wang Yangming put forward an explanation from Zhu Xi on “being cautious and unique”. “Single” is a neutral concept in Zhu Xi’s thinking, which can be both good and evil. Wang Yangming believed that “single” is not only the self-knowledge mind, but also includes the knowledge of knowing this unique mind. This knowledge can not only know the arise and conscience of the mind, but also judge the length and shortness of the mind: “What is said to be ‘although people do not know, but what they know is what they know,’ is exactly where my heart is. “6”‘Everyone has a long and short heart’, which is what we call a close friend. ”7 “Single” is the confidant of the heart. In Wang Yangming, “single” completed the transformation of the body and became the gathering of two levels of content including the surveillance subject and the object of surveillance. With the transformation of the meaning of “single”, the meaning of “being cautious and independent” also changed. When Wang Yangming commented that “precepts are the skill that you do not know, and be cautious and independent are the skill that you know”, he said: “It is just one skill. It is unique to know when you have nothing to do, and it is unique to know when you have something to do. If a person does not know how to work hard in this unique place and only works hard in what is known to others, it is to do something, which is to “see the right person before you can see him or her.” This unique knowledge is the beginning of sincerity. This is not about good thoughts and bad thoughts, but also false.Yes, one mistake is just the world of kings, power, integrity, and good deeds. Establishing a firmness here is to clarify the origin and establish integrity. “8 Here, Wang Yangming criticized Zhu Xi’s view of “being cautious and independent” as “the skill of knowing the time”. In his opinion, “being cautious and independent” should be Integrity and loveThe undeveloped and developed one thing is to do not only the practice of reconciliation when it has been developed, but also to “end the root and clarify the source” in “exclusive knowledge” and “establish determination”. “Be cautious” is a structure that includes the existence of confidants and the conservation of reconciliation.
Liu Zongzhou’s explanation of Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming Each has its own praises. First, he praised Zhu Xi for adding the word “know” to “single”, thinking that this remark is extremely creative, but at the same time criticized Zhu Xi for only adding “know” to the thought that it was already developed, and suddenly realized that there was also “know” in the undeveloped world, thus making “being cautious” a more forceful skill to only work hard on the development. He said: “Zhu Zi added the word “know” under the unique word, which can be said to have been expanded to the h
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